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CiteULike: Toutes Les Bibliotheques

Oncogene, Vol. 25, No. 27. (0000), pp. 3834-3847.

Psychol. Methods, Vol. 2, No. 2. (1997), pp. 173-185.In many intervention studies, therapy outcome evaluations, and educational field trials, random treatment assignment of clusters rather than persons is desirable for political feasibility, logistics, or ecological validity. However, cluster randomized designs are widely regarded as lacking statistical precision. This article considers when and to what extent using a pretreatment covariate can increase experimental precision. To answer this question, the author first optimizes allocation of resources within and between clusters for the no-covariate case. Optimal sample sizes at each level depend on variation within and between clusters and on the cost of sampling at each level. Next, the author considers optimal allocation when a covariate is added. In this case, the explanatory power of the covariate at each level becomes highly relevant for choosing optimal sample sizes. A key conclusion is that statistical analysis that fully uses information about the covariate-outcome relationship can substantially increase the efficiency of the cluster randomized trial, especially when the cost of sampling clusters is high and the covariate accounts for substantial variation between clusters. Recent multilevel studies indicate that these conditions are common.

The Journal of Physiology, Vol. 576, No. 1. (October 2006), pp. 235-256.

Biochim Biophys Acta, Vol. 1762, No. 10. (October 2006), pp. 906-919.The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are neurodegenerative disorders. Nevertheless, small model organisms, including those lacking a nervous system, have proven invaluable in the study of mechanisms that underlie the disease and in studying the functions of the conserved proteins associated to each disease. From the single-celled yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, to the worm, Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, biochemical and, in particular, genetic studies on these organisms have provided insight into the NCLs.

BMC Bioinformatics, Vol. 8, No. 1. (2007)BACKGROUND:There is a need for software applications that provide users with a complete and extensible toolkit for chemo- and bioinformatics accessible from a single workbench. Commercial packages are expensive and closed source, hence they do not allow end users to modify algorithms and add custom functionality. Existing open source projects are more focused on providing a framework for integrating existing, separately installed bioinformatics packages, rather than providing user-friendly interfaces. No open source chemoinformatics workbench has previously been published, and no successful attempts have been made to integrate chemo- and bioinformatics into a single framework. RESULTS:Bioclipse is an advanced workbench for resources in chemo- and bioinformatics, such as molecules, proteins, sequences, spectra, and scripts. It provides 2D-editing, 3D-visualization, file format conversion, calculation of chemical properties, and much more; all fully integrated into a user-friendly desktop application. Editing supports standard functions such as cut and paste, drag and drop, and undo/redo. Bioclipse is written in Java and based on the Eclipse Rich Client Platform with a state-of-the-art plugin architecture. This gives Bioclipse an advantage over other systems as it can easily be extended with functionality in any desired direction. CONCLUSIONS:Bioclipse is a powerful workbench for bio- and chemoinformatics as well as an advanced integration platform. The rich functionality, intuitive user interface, and powerful plugin architecture make Bioclipse the most advanced and user-friendly open source workbench for chemo- and bioinformatics. Bioclipse is released under Eclipse Public License (EPL), an open source license which sets no constraints on external plugin licensing; it is totally open for both open source plugins as well as commercial ones. Bioclipse is freely available at

Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, Vol. 61, No. 1. (5 November 1989), pp. 1-27.Many important 2-categories -- such as Lex, Fib/, elementary toposes and logical morphisms, the dual of Grothendieck toposes and geometric morphisms, locally-presentable categories and left adjoints, the dual of this last, and the Makkai-Pare 2-category of accessible categories and accessible functors -- fail to be complete, lacking even equalizers. These examples do in fact admit all bilimits -- those weakenings of the limit notion that represent not by an isomorphism but only by an equivalence -- but much more is true: they admit important classes of honest limits, including products, cotensor products, comma objects, Eilenberg-Moore objects, descent objects, inserters, equifiers, inverters, lax limits, pseudo limits, and idempotent-splitting. We introduce the class of flexible limits, which includes all of the above and is, in the technical sense, a closed class. Note that such honest limits, when they exist, have many advantages over bilimits: they are unique to within isomorphism, and their universal properties are both stronger and more convenient to use, a whole level of coherent families of invertible 2-cells being avoided.

Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, Vol. 59, No. 1. (25 July 1989), pp. 1-41.We consider a 2-monad T with rank on a complete and cocomplete 2-category, and write T-Alg for the 2-category given the T-algebras, the morphisms preserving the structure to within coherent isomorphisms, and the appropriate 2-cells; T-Algs is the sub-2-category obtained by taking the strict morphisms. We show that T-Alg admits pseudo-limits and certain other limits, and that the inclusion 2-functor T-Algs --> T-Alg has a left adjoint. We introduce the notion of flexible algebra, and use it to prove that T-Alg admits all bicolimits and that the 2-functor T-Alg --> S-Alg induced by a monad-map S --> T admits a left biadjoint.

Signs, Vol. 27, No. 4. (2002), pp. 1135-1171.

Feminist scholars and those inspired by other liberatory movements have raised profound questions about the standard practices of social research. Arguing that established methods too often ignore and obfuscate social oppression, they search for approaches that will more adequately represent marginalized groups and the social processes that organize their lives. Liberating Method charts one researcher's view of this project as Marjorie L. DeVault, one of the leading practitioners and teachers of feminist methodology, examines in her collection of new and previously published essays the dimensions of feminist research. DeVault believes in "writing carefully," that is with care (precision) and caring (empathy). In addition to essays on how women write, are silenced, and can speak up, she includes an autobiographical sketch, a discussion of "the self as resource," and a section on what she calls "excavation," or the work of recovering unrecognized or suppressed aspects of women's experience. She explores the sources and meanings of feminist methodology, the strategies of reflexive analysis, and the issues that arise when writing and teaching feminist research. Committed to a feminism attentive to oppressions that operate simultaneously with gender, DeVault considers exclusions and distortions in feminist research and strategies for building more inclusive approaches. Including a closing essay that presents "practical advice" for oppositional researchers, Liberating Method reflects DeVault's conviction that feminist insights can and should contribute to a sounder, more rigorous social science.

Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE, Vol. 5, No. 11. (1993), pp. 1297-1300.The central waveguide of narrowband optical filters is quite sensitive to temperature. This is an obstacle to the broad use of optical frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) systems. Since this undesired characteristic is caused by the temperature dependence of optical path length in the filter, one can stabilize the filtering characteristics if such dependence is successfully eliminated. Thus, a temperature-independent optical waveguide (athermal waveguide), with an optical path length independent of temperature obtained by canceling out the positive dependence of ordinary optical materials with the negative temperature coefficient of the refractive index of some special materials like polymers, is proposed. The experimental result shows that the temperature dependence of optical path length is reduced to -7% of that of conventional glass waveguides

Nature, Vol. 440, No. 7087. (19 April 2006), pp. 974-975.

Cell (8 August 2006)Differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to an embryonic-like state by transfer of nuclear contents into oocytes or by fusion with embryonic stem (ES) cells. Little is known about factors that induce this reprogramming. Here, we demonstrate induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic or adult fibroblasts by introducing four factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4, under ES cell culture conditions. Unexpectedly, Nanog was dispensable. These cells, which we designated iPS (induced pluripotent stem) cells, exhibit the morphology and growth properties of ES cells and express ES cell marker genes. Subcutaneous transplantation of iPS cells into nude mice resulted in tumors containing a variety of tissues from all three germ layers. Following injection into blastocysts, iPS cells contributed to mouse embryonic development. These data demonstrate that pluripotent stem cells can be directly generated from fibroblast cultures by the addition of only a few defined factors.

International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1. (1970), pp. 3-17.

Molecular Ecology, Vol. 12, No. 9. (2003), pp. 2483-2495.Abstract Spatial genetic structure was analysed with five highly polymorphic microsatellite loci in a Romanian population of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), a wind-pollinated and wind-dispersed tree species occurring in mixed deciduous forests over almost all of Europe. Contributions of seed and pollen dispersal to total gene flow were investigated by analysing the pattern of decrease in kinship coefficients among pairs of individuals with geographical distance and comparing it with simulation results. Plots of kinship against the logarithm of distance were decomposed into a slope and a shape component. Simulations showed that the slope is informative about the global level of gene flow, in agreement with theoretical expectations, whereas the shape component was correlated with the relative importance of seed vs. pollen dispersal. Hence, our results indicate that insights into the relative contributions of seed and pollen dispersal to overall gene flow can be gained from details of the pattern of spatial genetic structure at biparentally inherited loci. In common ash, the slope provided an estimate of total gene dispersal in terms of Wright's neighbourhood size of Nb = 519 individuals. No precise estimate of seed vs. pollen flow could be obtained from the shape because of the stochasticity inherent to the data, but the parameter combinations that best fitted the data indicated restricted seed flow, sigmas f 14 m, and moderate pollen flow, 70 m f sigmap f 140 m.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI is now established as the methodology of choice for the assessment of tumor microcirculation in vivo. This is assisting clinical practitioners in the management of patients with solid tumors and is finding prominence in the assessment of tumor treatments, including anti-angiogenics, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. In this book, targeted at both clinical practitioners and basic scientists, the principles of the methods, their practical implementation, and their application to specific tumor types are discussed by the leading authorities in the field today. The book will serve as an invaluable single-volume reference covering all the latest developments in contrast-enhanced oncological MRI.

Molecular Ecology, Vol. 7, No. 3. (1998), pp. 317-328.

Am J Med Genet, Vol. 57, No. 2. (5 June 1995), pp. 260-265.Analysis of storage bodies in the ceroid-lipofuscinoses (Batten disease) has demonstrated a high protein content suggestive of a proteinosis. Direct N-terminal sequencing has shown that subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase is specifically stored in the disease in sheep and cattle, and in the human late infantile and juvenile diseases, as well as in 3 breeds of dogs. No differences have been found between the stored subunit c and that in normal mitochondria. No other mitochondrial components are stored. Different proteins, sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs or saposins) A and D, are stored in the infantile disease. Linkage studies have shown that different forms of ceroid-lipofuscinosis are coded for on different genes on different chromosomes. The genes for subunit c, its production, its insertion into mitochondria, and mitochondrial function are normal. This suggests that underlying the various forms of the disease is a family of lesions in the normal pathway of subunit c turnover, after its normal insertion into the ATP synthase complex. Antibodies to subunit c offer one way of mapping that pathway and detecting the sites of lesions. Specific antibodies have been raised against stored subunit c, using a liposomal adjuvant system which proved superior to classical adjuvants. These antibodies are also useful diagnostically, both in Western blotting and in immunocytochemistry.

J Biochem (Tokyo), Vol. 111, No. 2. (February 1992), pp. 278-282.Immunochemical studies demonstrated the specific accumulation of subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase in the brain homogenates of late infantile and juvenile forms of Batten's disease. It is not stored in the infantile form. Storage of subunit alpha of mitochondrial ATP synthase and cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV, an inner membrane protein of mitochondria was not detected in the brains. There was also no difference in the levels of cathepsin B between the two forms of Batten's disease and controls. In cultured skin fibroblasts subunit c accumulates in the late infantile form, whereas it does not in other lysosomal storage diseases. Crude mitochondrial lysosomal preparations of control fibroblasts were separated into high-density fractions rich in a lysosomal marker and low-density fractions rich in a mitochondrial marker on Percoll density gradients. Subunit c was mostly recovered in low-density mitochondrial fractions, but in cells from the late infantile disease a part of subunit c was recovered in the high-density lysosomal fractions. Immunolocalization studies demonstrated a dot-like staining of storage materials for subunit c in the cells from late infantile patients and the staining pattern of subunit c is similar to that of a lysosomal membrane marker, lgp120. Immunostaining failed to detect subunit c in control cells. These results indicate a specific accumulation of subunit c in lysosomes, and suggest that the two forms of Batten's disease are caused by a specific failure in the degradation of subunit c.

J Neurol Sci, Vol. 18, No. 3. (March 1973), pp. 269-285.

Molecular Ecology, Vol. 11, No. 4. (2002), pp. 725-738.Abstract The spatial genetic structure of the neotropical, clustered tree species Vouacapoua americana (Aublet) was studied in two natural forest stands (Paracou and Nouragues) in French Guiana. Using eight microsatellite loci, V. americana is characterized by a marked genetic structure at small spatial distances (under 30-60 m), in agreement with the limited seed dispersal by rodent species. Gene flow through pollen is also shown to be mainly restricted to less than 100 m. This result suggests that most pollination events (mediated through small insects) are probably limited to within-patches of individuals, which might explain the high genetic differentiation among patches (FST = 0.11) separated by less than 2 km. We also assume that stronger genetic structure in Paracou is likely to be due to lower seed dispersal by rodents, large spatial distances separating patches, or a recent recolonization event.

Biochem J, Vol. 275 ( Pt 1) (1 April 1991), pp. 269-272.Immunochemical studies demonstrate that subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase is stored in the late-infantile, juvenile and adult forms of Batten's disease. It does not accumulate in the infantile form, or in other conditions involving lysosomal hypertrophy. These results suggest that the defective metabolism of subunit c is central to the pathogenesis of these three forms of Batten's disease.

Molecular Ecology, Vol. 10, No. 6. (2001), pp. 1371-1383.Abstract In order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the large amount of RAPD polymorphism found in 1990 in a population of the selfing annual Medicago truncatula GAERTN. (Fabaceae), we have analysed most of the individuals (n = 363) from the same population 6 years later using microsatellite loci. We confirm the result of the earlier study, namely that this population is very polymorphic and highly subdivided, with approximately 37% of the variance distributed among subpopulations, only 50 m apart one from another. We use standard F-statistics analyses, linkage disequilibria, minimum spanning network, multilocus assignment tests and spatial autocorrelation analyses to test the hypotheses that spatial structure and outcrossing events are involved in maintaining the large amount of genetic diversity at the level of each subpopulation. Interestingly, fine-scale spatial structure could be observed in only one subpopulation suggesting that other mechanisms are acting elsewhere. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of fine spatial genetic structure in a predominantly selfing species.

Genetics, Vol. 157, No. 4. (1 April 2001), pp. 1699-1710.We have analyzed the spatial distribution of the sex phenotypes and of mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear markers within two gynodioecious populations of Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima. Within both populations, sexual phenotype variation is controlled mainly by the cytoplasmic genotype, although in one study population a joint polymorphism of cytonuclear factors is clearly involved. In spite of contrasts in the ecology (mainly due to different habitats), a clear common feature in both populations is the highly patchy distribution of cytoplasmic haplotypes, contrasting with the wide distribution of nuclear diversity. This high contrast between cytoplasmic vs. nuclear spatial structure may have important consequences for the maintenance of gynodioecy. It provides opportunities for differential selection since nuclear restorer alleles are expected to be selected for in the presence of their specific cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) type, but to be neutral (or selected against if there is a cost of restoration) in the absence of their CMS type. Selective processes in such a cytonuclear landscape may explain the polymorphism we observed at restorer loci for two CMS types.

Psychol. Methods, Vol. 6, No. 4. (2001), pp. 387-401.Consider a study in which 2 groups are followed over time to assess group differences in the average rate of change, rate of acceleration, or higher degree polynomial effect. In designing such a study, one must decide on the duration of the study, frequency of observation, and number of participants. The authors consider how these choices affect statistical power and show that power depends on a standardized effect size, the sample size, and a person-specific reliability coefficient. This reliability, in turn, depends on study duration and frequency. These relations enable researchers to weigh alternative designs with respect to feasibility and power. The authors illustrate the approach using data from published studies of antisocial thinking during adolescence and vocabulary growth during infancy.

J. Phys. Chem. B, Vol. 107, No. 37. (18 September 2003), pp. 10261-10273.Abstract: Application of continuum electrostatic calculations to molecular modeling requires an accurate description of molecular charge distributions, typically as partial atomic charges. While for some systems, such as biological macromolecules, sets of charges have been parametrized on the basis of experimental data, for many other cases, ab initio methods of charge determination may be preferred. Presented here is a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of numerous methods for the ab initio determination of partial atomic charges in continuum electrostatic calculations. Charges were computed using several methods based both on fitting electrostatic potentials and on population analysis, and using various levels of theory ranging from semiempirical quantum mechanical methods through relatively high level ab initio quantum mechanical methods. All charge distributions were evaluated in terms of their ability to reproduce experimental free energies of solvation in the context of a continuum solvation model. Two sets of test molecules were used, one derived from the groups seen in proteins, and the other a more diverse set of neutral organic molecules. The results indicate that there are clearly preferred methods for determining charges and, conversely, that there are highly unsuitable methods. The agreement with experiment does not increase monotonically with increasingly accurate levels of theory, although the lowest level methods do perform particularly poorly. None of the methods performed uniformly well across all molecule types; the top performing methods tended to give charge magnitudes in the middle of the observed range, but both the under- and overpolarized charge distributions perform better for certain systems. The frequently used HF/6-31G* level of quantum mechanics did very well, ranking among the top methods, particularly when coupled with the Merz-Singh-Kollman charge fitting scheme or a restrained fit based on this scheme. For methods at a relatively high level of theory, the charges derived from B3LYP/6-311G*+ potentials performed the best, while the computationally inexpensive B3LYP/4-31G derived charges provided the best performance for a fairly low level method.

J Lipid Res, Vol. 22, No. 2. (February 1981), pp. 254-270.

Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, Vol. 67, No. 1. (2007), pp. 121-127.The crystal packing surfaces comprising protein-RNA interactions were analyzed for 50 RNA-protein crystal structures in the Protein Data Bank database. Protein-RNA crystal contacts, which represent nonspecific protein-RNA interfaces, were investigated for their amino acid propensities, hydrogen bond patterns, and backbone and side chain interactions. When compared to biologically relevant interactions, the protein-RNA crystal contacts exhibit similarities as well as differences with respect to the principles of protein-RNA interactions. Similar to what was observed at cognate protein-RNA interfaces, positively charged amino acids have high propensities at noncognate protein-RNA interfaces and preferentially form hydrogen bonds with RNA phosphate groups. In contrast, nonpolar residues are less frequently associated with noncognate interactions. These results highlight the important roles of both electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions, facilitated by positively charged amino acids, in mediating both specific and nonspecific protein-RNA interactions. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Nat Phys, Vol. 3, No. 2. (February 2007), pp. 80-81.

Climate Dynamics, Vol. V28, No. 1. (15 January 2007), pp. 3-34.

Peace Review, Vol. 18, No. 1. (March 2006), pp. 145-151.

Asian Survey, Vol. 22, No. 11. (1982), pp. 1056-1073.

Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 24, No. 3. (1995), pp. 5-15.

 The Anthropology of Media: A Reader is an unprecedented collection of articles that, taken together, define the emergent field of the anthropology of mass media. Anthropologists – traditionally hailed as interpreters of cultural "Others" – no longer serve as the primary interlocutors for the communities with which they work. Owing to the spread of mass media and new forms of expression and communication, anthropologists have been displaced by CNN, Hollywood, the Internet, and other global media in presenting and representing unfamiliar cultures to the majority of our world. People everywhere are seeing and hearing themselves and others in new ways, and have picked up these media to use for their own purposes. The Anthropology of Media offers a critical overview of how mass media represent and construct both Western and non-Western cultures. By drawing on the recent explosion of culture and media studies and moving beyond earlier anthropological emphases on ethnographic film, this volume heralds the emergence of a new field and brings its key literature together for the first time.

Cell, Vol. 123, No. 6. (16 December 2005), pp. 993-999.In an era marked by the increasing prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) has emerged as a transcriptional regulator of metabolism whose activity can be modulated by direct binding of small molecules. As the master regulator of fat-cell formation, PPARgamma is required for the accumulation of adipose tissue and hence contributes to obesity. Yet PPARgamma ligands are clinically effective antidiabetic drugs, although side effects limit their utility. Can PPARgamma be targeted with greater benefit and with less risk to patients? The answer depends upon the basic biology of PPARgamma, and the possibility of selectively modulating the activity of this nuclear receptor in a tissue- and target-gene-specific manner.

Climate Dynamics, Vol. 28, No. 2-3. (February 2007), pp. 181-197.

Journal of Communication, Vol. 54, No. 4., 662.

Ann Intern Med, Vol. 119, No. 7 Pt 1. (1 October 1993), pp. 606-619.PURPOSE: To critically review the risks and benefits of therapy for asymptomatic and symptomatic persons with gallstones who are considering therapy to prevent future episodes of biliary pain or complications including acute cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or gallbladder cancer. DATA SOURCES: Review of English-language literature regarding the natural history of persons with gallstones and the operative mortality rates for open cholecystectomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Mathematical simulation modeling was used to derive estimates of lifetime risks for gallstone-related mortality and for life expectancy, for prophylactic cholecystectomy and expectant management, for men and women of different ages. RESULTS: For persons with asymptomatic gallstones, natural history is so benign that treatment is generally not recommended. For persons with symptomatic gallstones, (that is, that have caused an episode of biliary pain), the rate for subsequent pain is high so that many persons probably choose cholecystectomy to avoid pain; however, about 30% of persons who have had pain do not have further episodes of pain. The expected loss of life for persons with symptomatic stones managed expectantly is roughly several months, on average, and may not be considered high enough in itself to warrant therapy. Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become popular with patients and physicians, its safety is yet unknown compared with open cholecystectomy. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic cholecystectomy should be recommended for most persons with symptomatic gallstones unless the person wants to try a period of watchful waiting to see if pain recurs. Nonsurgical therapy may be suitable for persons with high operative risk. For persons with asymptomatic gallstones, watchful waiting is the best course.

A large upper-ocean velocity data set was obtained using a shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) on seventeen RV T.G. Thompson cruises during the JGOFS and ONR expedition to the northern Arabian Sea from September 1994 through January 1996. Seven of the cruises followed a large area survey track centered over the Arabian Basin, four cruises conducted SeaSoar surveys on either side of the Findlater jet axis, and six cruises were for the deployment and maintenance of moored instrumentation, together providing some 380 cruise-days and 96,000 track kilometers of coverage. The ADCP data extended over the upper 250-400m of the water column depending upon the temporal/spatial distributions of acoustic scatterers. The velocity data revealed several items that differed significantly from the historical perspective. Maximum current magnitudes in this area varied from more than 1ms-1 along the Arabian coast to 10-20cms-1 well offshore. Perhaps the most important result was the complete dominance of the velocity field by eddies that had offshore correlation length scales of roughly 100km, a spectral peak at around 300 km, and kinetic energies that ranged from 70 to more than 90% of the total kinetic energy. The total kinetic energy was highest within about 300km of the shore and decreased significantly in magnitude and vertical extent offshore. Within the coastal region, the temporal variability was such that currents of 50cms-1 or more could completely reverse within a two-week period, seemingly independent of any local atmospheric forcing. Mean and seasonal velocities also differed from historical results. There was a large anti-cyclonic feature located for most of the year south of Ras ash Shabatat (~58oE) which intensified during the southwest monsoon. There was a strong jet-like current off Ras al Hadd (~22oN), which also intensified during the southwest monsoon, although itflowed southwestward against the wind. In contrast to the historical ship drift data, which indicated that the surface currents followed the monsoonal winds, the ADCP data over the upper 200-400m was highly variable, with overall seasonal means that were often directed against the wind. Except within 100-200km of the Arabian coast, the mean currents were generally toward the southwest with a mean transport in the upper 150m between the coast and 10oN of approximately 9x106m3s-1.

Journalism Studies, Vol. 6, No. 3. (August 2005), pp. 315-330.

Lancet, Vol. 340, No. 8828. (7 November 1992), pp. 1116-1119.Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has gained wide acceptance for treatment of cholelithiasis in preference to open cholecystectomy, though it has not been formally compared with mini cholecystectomy (MC). We have compared these two techniques in a randomised trial. 70 patients with ultrasound-proven cholelithiasis were randomly allocated LC (38) or MC (32); 37 and 25, respectively, underwent the assigned procedure. The mean hospital stay (including 1 preoperative day) was significantly shorter in the LC than the MC group (median 3 [interquartile range 2-3] vs 4 [3-5], p = 0.001) as was duration of convalescence (mean 11.9 [SD 9.1] vs 20.2 [16.5] days, p = 0.04). The rate of return to normal activities was 1.77 times greater in the LC group than in the MC group (95% confidence interval 1.01-3.11, p = 0.03). In regression analysis, the type of cholecystectomy done was the only variable significantly associated with the duration of convalescence. Although there was significant postoperative improvement in all of three quality of life scores in both groups, LC patients improved more quickly than did MC patients. This randomised trial shows the superior effectiveness of LC over MC in treating cholelithiasis.

J Biol Chem, Vol. 266, No. 22. (5 August 1991), pp. 14208-14216.The anaerobic archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus, grows optimally at 100 degrees C by a fermentative-type metabolism in which H2, CO2, and organic acids are end products. The growth of this organism is stimulated by tungsten, and, from it, a novel, red-colored, tungsten-iron-sulfur protein, abbreviated RTP, has been purified (Mukund, S., and Adams, M. W. W. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 11508-11516). RTP (Mr approximately 85,000) contained approximately 1W, 7Fe, and 5 acid-labile sulfide atoms/molecule and exhibited unique EPR properties. The physiological function of the protein, however, was unknown. We show here that RTP is an inactive form of an aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase (AOR). The active enzyme was obtained by rapid purification under anaerobic conditions using buffers containing dithiothreitol and glycerol. AOR catalyzed the oxidation of a range of aliphatic aldehydes with an optimum temperature for activity above 90 degrees C, but it did not oxidize glucose or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, nor reduce NAD(P), and its activity was independent of CoA. The active (AOR) and inactive (RTP) forms of the enzyme were indistinguishable in their contents of metals and acid-labile sulfide and in their EPR properties. The latter are though to originate from two nonidentical and spin-coupled iron-sulfur clusters, whereas the tungsten in this enzyme, which was not detectable by EPR, appears to be present as a novel pterin cofactor. Inhibition and activation studies indicated that AOR contains a catalytically essential W-SH group that is not present in RTP, the inactive form. AOR is a new type of aldehyde-oxidizing enzyme and is the first aldehyde oxidoreductase to be purified from an archaebacterium or a nonactogenic anaerobic bacterium. Its physiological role in P. furiosus is proposed as the oxidation of glyceraldehyde to glycerate in a unique, partially nonphosphorylated, glycolytic pathway that generates acetyl-CoA from glucose without the participation of nicotinamide nucleotides.

The Fifth Edition addresses ongoing changes in mass communications and new developments in mass communications theory. The book also applies communication theories to the mass media with current examples from journalism, broadcasting, advertising and public relations to clarify the concepts. A new chapter on cyber communications explores the influential new medium, using discussions of mediamorphosis, hypertext, multimedia, interface design, Internet addiction and Internet dependency. An extensively rewritten chapter on media chains and conglomerates addresses key developments in the field. The book also includes unique coverage of media uses and institutions, meant as an alternative way to think about mass communication. For readers interested in exploring mass communication theory.

Haskell provides type-class-bounded and parametric polymorphism as opposed to subtype polymorphism of object-oriented languages such as Java and OCaml. It is a contentious question whether Haskell 98 without extensions, or with common extensions, or with new extensions can fully support conventional object-oriented programming with encapsulation, mutable state, inheritance, overriding, statically checked implicit and explicit subtyping, and so on. We systematically substantiate that Haskell 98, with some common extensions, supports all the conventional OO features plus more advanced ones, including first-class lexically scoped classes, implicitly polymorphic classes, flexible multiple inheritance, safe downcasts and safe co-variant arguments. Haskell indeed can support width and depth, structural and nominal subtyping. We address the particular challenge to preserve Haskell's type inference even for objects and object-operating functions. The OO features are introduced in Haskell as the OOHaskell library. OOHaskell lends itself as a sandbox for typed OO language design.

Pedagogy, Vol. 5, No. 2. (2005), pp. 317-323.

Climate Dynamics, Vol. 28, No. 4. (March 2007), pp. 381-407.

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